Monday, May 18, 2020

Latin Adjectives 1st and 2nd Declension

In Latin, adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case and number, as well as gender. This means that like nouns, Latin adjectives must be declined.* Latin 1st and 2nd declension adjectives are declined like nouns in the 1st and 2nd declensions. It so happens that like nouns, there are also 3rd declension adjectives, but there are no 4th or 5th declension adjectives. So, since there are more declensions for nouns than adjectives, the number of the declension of the noun cannot possibly have to match the number of the declension of the adjective. Its even misleading to think of adjectives as belonging to the 1st OR the 2nd declension. They belong to both but look different depending on gender. For this reason, its better to refer to such adjectives as 1st AND 2nd declension adjectives. The Latin from which we get our word republic comes from a 5th declension feminine noun ( res) and a feminine adjective ( publica). If the 5th declension noun were masculine ( e.g., meridies midday), the adjective would take the masculine form publicus. As stated above, Adjectives need to match only the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify. A 1st and 2nd declension adjective can modify any noun. The 1st and 2nd declension adjective used here as a model is bonus, -a, -um, the Latin word for good, showing the full masculine form first, followed by the ending of the feminine next, and finally the ending for the neuter. nominative bona puellagenitive bonae puellaedative bonae puellaeaccusative bonam puellamablative bona puella The word girl is puella in Latin, a 1st declension noun, and like most 1st declension nouns, its feminine. The adjectival form corresponding with puella—a noun in the nominative singular—is bona. Declension of Bona Puella (Good Girl) in Latin Singular Plural: nominative bonae puellaegenitive bonarum puellarumdative bonis puellisaccusative bonas puellasablative bonis puellisnominative bonus puergenitive boni pueridative bono pueroaccusative bonum puerumablative bono puero The word for boy in Latin is puer. This is the nominative singular of a 2nd declension masculine noun. The form of the model adjective were using, that corresponds with puer—that is, the form of the adjective that agrees in number, case, and gender—is bonus. Declension of Bonus Puer (Good Boy) in Latin Singular Plural: nominative boni puerigenitive bonorum puerorumdative bonis puerisaccusative bonos puerosablative bonis puerisnominative bonum verbumgenitive boni verbidative bono verboaccusative bonum verbumablative bono verbo The English word word is verbum in Latin. This is a 2nd declension neuter noun. The form of the model adjective good that corresponds with verbum is bonum. Note that since this is a neuter, we can not say whether bonum verbum is nominative or accusative, although it is clearly singular. Declension of Bonum Verbum (Good Word) in Latin Singular Plural: nominative bona verbagenitive bonorum verborumdative bonis verbisaccusative bona verbaablative bonis verbis The paradigm form you will usually see for a 1st and 2nd declension adjective is: bonus -a -umboni -ae -ibono -ae -obonum -am -umbono -a -oboni -ae -abonorum -arum -orumbonis -is -isbonos -as -abonis -is -is *Note: You may run into indeclinable adjectives, which, obviously, are not declined.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Transformation Of The Medieval Into The Modern Church

â€Å"Assembled under trying conditions, it was almost doomed to failure before it commenced; the task, which confronted this reform council, was gigantic. For it was asked to revitalize and renew the Church weighed down with the burden of the centuries. In effect, the reform, which the Fathers of this Council achieved, initiated the transformation of the medieval into the modern Church.† This assembly, the Council of Trent of the sixteenth century, known as the Council of Trent, in which Robert E. McNally, S.J., a historian of the medieval Church, describes, is considered to have the greatest impact upon the whole of Christendom. The course of church history was dramatically changed as Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the†¦show more content†¦This response was formulated after years of pressure from the various reformers and the Church engaged in an effort that extended eighteen years with crises after crises overrunning their desire for reconciliatio n with the reformers. Prior to the Council of Trent, concerns over the teachings, practices and actions of the Catholic Church caused great controversy that extended far beyond Luther’s original appeal. It hosted a wide spectrum of theological debates concerning doctrine, the sacraments, abuse of authority within the clergy and many other essential issues of the Church. These issues required answers that demanded moral reform at all levels of the Church. The Church was experiencing moral lapses that caused the people to lose trust in the Church and the clergy. A deep dissatisfaction and skepticism was widespread throughout the Church. Luther’s Theses, extended far beyond struggles within the Catholic Church, it unofficially gave permission to others, even in this modern world to listen to our own consciousness and not a single authority, challenging all to cross beyond a once very rigid line created between the authority of the church and the laity. Luther’s courageous act provided a gift and a foundation for us today, to seek answers and accept the difficult questions from the depth of our very being. When our spirit is

Curley Wife free essay sample

Candy’s gossip of her would not fully allow George and Lennie to make up their own minds. In comparison with the previous paragraph, when Candy expresses his opinion of Curley’s Wife, we see from her first appearance that he was right about her looks and personality. Immediately as she arrives, she comes up with the excuse that she is ‘’ looking for Curley’’, but it is obvious that she wasn’t there just for that as when told his not there she changes the subject. ‘’you’re the new fellas that just come, ain’t ya? ’’. This questioned is asked to get a response to form a conversation from George and Lennie. This implies that she is lonely and that she needs someone to talk to – due to Curley ignoring her. This demonstrates that she wanted to speak with George and Lennie, as she quickly moved away from the subject of finding Curley. We will write a custom essay sample on Curley Wife or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We also see that her body posture is deliberately laid back against the door, ‘’ so her body was thrown forward’’. The writer uses the verb ‘’thrown’’ to show that it is an unnatural movement and it is done forcefully. This suggests that she knows by doing this will be admired by the men, and she will get attention from it. This makes me have no sympathy for her because she is causing her own problems by acting flirtatious in front of the men. I think that she also needs to sort out her marriage to get respect from the men. In addition when Curley’s wife is in crook’s room she is presented as a menace, a threatening and violent figure. Like a predator she seems to draw closer to her chosen prey in this case cooks – ‘’ she turned on him, she closed on him’’. Her behavior toward the men starts to be dominant, knowing she has superior control over them – ‘’they left all the weak ones here’’. Steinbeck uses the adjective ‘’weak’’ to emphasize on the fact that she takes the advantage against them even though she is ‘’weak’’ herself. This is evident later on in the section in the way Curley’s wife dominates the scene and renders crooks meek and powerless. Her language towards them is packed with threats as she repeats ‘’you know what I can do to you’’. This also suggests that they have no power or authority at all and that they are defenseless. She is also known and presented as a racist – ‘’well you keep you trap shut nigger’’. This reflects the society they were in at the time as she is influenced to be a racist. This makes me have no sympathy for her because she is meant to try to interact with them because they all similar but instead she uses her slight authority against them. Throughout the novel there are indications that she is victim rather than a ‘tart’ or ‘flirt’. The reader learns that she dreamt of being in films but it was never going to happen. As she opens up to Lennie she says that she is not happy and still plans to follow her dreams, ‘’ I could ‘a made something of myself. ’ She still goes on to say and confess that she doesn’t like Curley and that she is not getting enough attention from him. She tries to make Lennie feel sorry for her and has clearly kept her feelings about her marriage hidden for long time before she opens up to Lennie. ‘’I don’t like Curley he ain’t a nice fella. ’’ She takes the chance to be able to express herself to someone who will listen. This makes me feel sympathy for her because it makes me understand deeply what she has been through for a short amount of time and why seeks for attention desperately. Another time I feel sympathy for her is when she dies because she is described ‘simple and pretty’’. This reminds the reader that she still had many years to live, and all of the pain she has been through for a short amount of time. However, I don’t feel sympathy for her when Steinbeck says that ‘’her reddened lips made her seem alive’’, which reminds the reader that she lived most of her life trying to impress men, to get attention, and it also signifies the importance of it to her. In Conclusion I feel that Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife in a negative manner and makes sure the reader believes that she is a very flirtatious and a ‘tart’. This also affects how the reader judges Curley’s wife because of all of the men’s dialogue and sexist opinion’s, which makes us readers then think that she is a ‘tart’ and a ‘floozy’. On the other hand I believe that towards the end of the novel Steinbeck shows us readers that Curley’s wife was just a young innocent woman as she is described ‘sweet and young’- this reminds the reader of her short life and the suffering she had been through.